{"dataset":"Peptides.info monographs","version":"2026-10-03","generated":"2026-10-03","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"citation":"Twenty Residues. Peptides.info evidence dataset, version 2026-10-03. https://peptides.info/data. Licensed CC BY 4.0.","methodology":"https://peptides.info/methodology","rows":28,"data":[{"slug":"semaglutide","name":"Semaglutide","aka":["Ozempic","Wegovy","Rybelsus"],"class":"GLP-1 receptor agonist","categories":["metabolic"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":4,"sequence":"GLP-1(7-37) backbone with Aib8, Arg34, and a C18 di-acid on Lys26","open_questions":["SELECT showed fewer cardiovascular events in people without diabetes, and the trial was not designed to separate the weight loss from the molecule. How much of the benefit is each?","Most of the weight returns after stopping. Is that a failure of the drug, or confirmation that obesity behaves like other chronic conditions that need ongoing treatment?","Trial exposure is measured in years; population use will be measured in decades. What would a 20-year signal look like, and who is positioned to see it first?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/semaglutide"},{"slug":"tirzepatide","name":"Tirzepatide","aka":["Mounjaro","Zepbound"],"class":"GIP / GLP-1 dual receptor agonist","categories":["metabolic"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":1,"references":3,"sequence":"39-residue GIP-based backbone with Aib at positions 2 and 13, a C20 di-acid on Lys20, and a C-terminal amide","open_questions":["SURMOUNT-1 reported ~21% mean loss, a figure long associated with bariatric surgery. Surgery has 30 years of follow-up. What is the comparison worth until the drug does too?","Dual agonism beat single agonism on weight, and the head-to-head data cannot yet say why. Is GIP adding efficacy, tolerability, or both?","The sleep-apnea approval rests on weight loss improving apnea. Is that a new indication, or the same one measured differently?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/tirzepatide"},{"slug":"retatrutide","name":"Retatrutide","aka":["LY3437943"],"class":"GIP / GLP-1 / glucagon triple agonist","categories":["metabolic"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":2,"references":4,"sequence":"39-residue engineered peptide on a GIP-like backbone, with Aib substitutions and a C20 fatty-diacid side chain on a lysine linker","open_questions":["Phase 3 reported surgery-level loss and a dropout rate that rises with dose. Is the right dose the one that produces the most loss, or the one most people stay on?","The glucagon receptor is the new piece. Glucagon raises energy expenditure and also blood glucose. What does that trade-off look like beyond 80 weeks?","This molecule is sold grey-market before any approval exists. Does that pressure speed regulatory review, slow it, or change nothing?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/retatrutide"},{"slug":"aod-9604","name":"AOD-9604","aka":["hGH fragment 176-191"],"class":"Growth-hormone fragment","categories":["metabolic","gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"YLRIVQCRSVEGSCGF","open_questions":["The preclinical lipolysis signal was real and the human weight-loss trials failed, a pattern that applies to most Tier 3 entries here. Was the hypothesis wrong, or the trials?","It is sold today on animal data that its own developer's human trials did not confirm. What should that pattern tell a reader about any peptide with only preclinical evidence?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/aod-9604"},{"slug":"tesamorelin","name":"Tesamorelin","aka":["Egrifta","Egrifta SV"],"class":"GHRH analog","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":1,"sequence":"Human GHRH(1-44) with an N-terminal trans-3-hexenoyl cap and C-terminal amide","open_questions":["Approved for visceral fat in HIV lipodystrophy, with the benefit reversing on discontinuation. Is a drug you cannot stop a treatment, a maintenance therapy, or something else?","The mechanism is not HIV-specific. Why has no one run the pivotal trial in people without HIV, and what would it cost to find out?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/tesamorelin"},{"slug":"cjc-1295","name":"CJC-1295","aka":["CJC-1295 with DAC"],"class":"Long-acting GHRH analog","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":1,"references":2,"sequence":"Modified GRF(1-29): D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27 substitutions, plus a DAC albumin-binding group","open_questions":["A single dose raises GH and IGF-1 for over a week in humans. Elevated IGF-1 is what oncologists watch. Does a long-acting secretagogue deserve a different evidence bar than a short-acting one?","The DAC and non-DAC versions are different molecules sold under one name. How much of the community's experience with 'CJC-1295' describes which one?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/cjc-1295"},{"slug":"ipamorelin","name":"Ipamorelin","aka":[],"class":"Ghrelin-receptor / GH secretagogue","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":4,"references":3,"sequence":"Aib-His-D-2-Nal-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂","open_questions":["Selectivity, GH without cortisol, is the whole pitch, and the only placebo-controlled efficacy trial missed its endpoint. Does a clean mechanism count for anything when the outcome trial does not?","The half-life is about two hours. What does a two-hour GH pulse do over months that a longer one would not, and has anyone measured it?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/ipamorelin"},{"slug":"bpc-157","name":"BPC-157","aka":["Body Protection Compound-157"],"class":"Synthetic pentadecapeptide (gastric-derived)","categories":["repair"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":3,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"GEPPPGKPADDAGLV","open_questions":["Fifteen years of rodent studies, mostly from one laboratory. Is that a warning sign, or just what happens when nobody else is funded to look?","Why has the best-selling repair peptide in the space never been given to injured humans in a controlled trial? The protocol would be cheap. Who benefits from not running it?","A Phase 2 hamstring trial is now registered. If it misses, does the community update? If it hits, do the skeptics?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/bpc-157"},{"slug":"tb-500","name":"TB-500","aka":["Thymosin β4 fragment"],"class":"Synthetic actin-binding fragment of thymosin β4","categories":["repair"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":3,"references":3,"sequence":"Ac-LKKTETQ","open_questions":["Most cited 'TB-500' research used full-length thymosin β4, a 43-residue protein, not this seven-residue fragment, and nobody has published the test. Does the fragment keep the activity?","If the fragment turns out to be inert, what explains the volume of positive user reports? If it turns out to be active, why did no company develop it?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/tb-500"},{"slug":"ghk-cu","name":"GHK-Cu","aka":["Copper tripeptide-1"],"class":"Copper-binding tripeptide","categories":["repair","skin"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"GHK","open_questions":["The topical evidence is the strongest in the cosmeceutical group, the trials are small and short, and the marketing uses the result both ways. Is a 12-week fine-line result a skincare claim or a tissue-remodeling claim?","GHK-Cu is on FDA's compounding review list, and injectable use has no human trial behind it. Should topical evidence carry any weight for a different route?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/ghk-cu"},{"slug":"kpv","name":"KPV","aka":["α-MSH (11-13)"],"class":"Anti-inflammatory tripeptide","categories":["repair"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":3,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":3,"references":3,"sequence":"KPV","open_questions":["The mouse colitis data are consistent and the human data are absent. An FDA panel voted narrowly for compounding anyway. What did the panel weigh that the agency's reviewers did not, or the reverse?","KPV appears to act without the melanocortin receptor. If the mechanism is unclear, does that make the preclinical signal more interesting or less trustworthy?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/kpv"},{"slug":"mots-c","name":"MOTS-c","aka":[],"class":"Mitochondrial-derived peptide","categories":["metabolic","longevity"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":3,"references":3,"sequence":"MRWQEMGYIFYPRKLR","open_questions":["A peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA that mimics exercise in mice, and human data that are correlational. Does causation in mice plus correlation in humans add up to anything, or is that two half-answers?","Exercise raises MOTS-c on its own. If the goal is the signal, is the injection a shortcut or a substitute for the thing that produces it?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/mots-c"},{"slug":"epithalon","name":"Epithalon","aka":["Epitalon","AEDG"],"class":"Pineal tetrapeptide","categories":["longevity"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":3,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":2,"references":3,"sequence":"AEDG","open_questions":["The telomerase result is in a dish; the lifespan claims are from decades-old Russian cohorts. Is the right response to replicate, to dismiss, or to ask why nobody has tried to replicate?","A tetrapeptide that activates telomerase would, in principle, interest oncologists as much as longevity researchers. Why has neither field followed up?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/epithalon"},{"slug":"selank","name":"Selank","aka":[],"class":"Tuftsin-derived heptapeptide","categories":["neuro"],"regulatory_status":"approved-abroad","evidence_floor":4,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":1,"references":2,"sequence":"TKPRPGP","open_questions":["A registered prescription drug in Russia with almost no trial data indexed in the West. Is that a regulatory gap, a translation gap, or evidence of a lower bar?","The comparator in its key study was a benzodiazepine. Matching one on anxiety without sedation would matter if replicated. What would replication need to look like to convince either side?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/selank"},{"slug":"semax","name":"Semax","aka":[],"class":"ACTH (4-10) analog","categories":["neuro"],"regulatory_status":"approved-abroad","evidence_floor":3,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"MEHFPGP","open_questions":["The mechanism work on BDNF and TrkB is Western-indexed; the efficacy work is entirely Russian. Should a reader weight the two literatures differently, and on what basis?","Used in Russian stroke care for decades. If it worked as described, what would the Western literature look like today? If it did not, what would the Russian literature look like?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/semax"},{"slug":"thymosin-alpha-1","name":"Thymosin alpha-1","aka":["Thymalfasin","Zadaxin"],"class":"Immunomodulatory peptide","categories":["immune"],"regulatory_status":"approved-abroad","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":3,"sequence":"Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN","open_questions":["Approved in dozens of countries and not in the US. Is that a verdict on the evidence, or on who filed and where?","The sepsis trial improved 28-day outcomes. Sepsis trials are notorious for failing to replicate. What would it take for this one to be believed?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/thymosin-alpha-1"},{"slug":"bremelanotide","name":"Bremelanotide","aka":["PT-141","Vyleesi"],"class":"Melanocortin receptor agonist","categories":["sexual-health"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":1,"sequence":"Ac-Nle-cyclo(Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys)-OH","open_questions":["FDA-approved for desire in premenopausal women; its near-twin melanotan II is sold grey-market for the same effect. What does a C-terminal acid buy a molecule besides a label?","The effect size in RECONNECT was modest and the nausea rate was not. How should a reader weigh a real but small benefit against a common but transient side effect?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/bremelanotide"},{"slug":"melanotan-ii","name":"Melanotan II","aka":["MT-II"],"class":"Melanocortin receptor agonist","categories":["sexual-health"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"Ac-Nle-cyclo(Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys)-NH₂","open_questions":["Rhabdomyolysis and renal dysfunction have been reported after injection, and the case reports cannot separate the molecule from unregulated product. Which one is the reader actually warned about?","It never reached approval; its analogs did. What does that history say about the molecule, and what does it say about the development path?"],"updated":"2026-09-19","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/melanotan-ii"},{"slug":"liraglutide","name":"Liraglutide","aka":["Saxenda","Victoza"],"class":"GLP-1 receptor agonist","categories":["metabolic"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":3,"sequence":"HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVRGRG","open_questions":["Less weight loss than its successors, more years of safety data. For a reader comparing GLP-1s, which number should carry more weight?","Now a generic-era benchmark. Does going generic change how the newer trials that used it as the comparator should be read?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/liraglutide"},{"slug":"cagrilintide","name":"Cagrilintide","aka":["NN9838","CagriSema (with semaglutide)"],"class":"Long-acting amylin analog","categories":["metabolic"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"37-residue amylin analog with stabilizing substitutions and a C20 fatty-diacid side chain","open_questions":["Alone it matches liraglutide; with semaglutide it reaches the low twenties. How much of CagriSema's result is amylin, and how much is simply adding anything to semaglutide?","Amylin agonism is a different pathway with a different side-effect profile. Is a second mechanism progress, or a second set of unknowns?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/cagrilintide"},{"slug":"sermorelin","name":"Sermorelin","aka":["GHRH(1-29)","Geref"],"class":"GHRH analog","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"withdrawn","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":1,"sequence":"YADAIFTNSYRKVLGQLSARKLLQDIMSR-NH₂","open_questions":["Approved for children, withdrawn for business reasons, now compounded for adults. The pediatric evidence is real. Does any of it transfer to an adult anti-aging use that was never studied?","A discontinued drug is not a disproven one. How should a reader treat 'withdrawn' when the reason was commercial?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/sermorelin"},{"slug":"ghrp-2","name":"GHRP-2","aka":["Pralmorelin","KP-102"],"class":"Ghrelin-receptor / GH secretagogue","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"approved-abroad","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":2,"references":2,"sequence":"D-Ala-D-2-Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂","open_questions":["Strong enough to serve as a diagnostic test in Japan, never approved as a treatment anywhere. Is that because the GH pulse does not translate into outcomes, or because nobody ran the outcome trial?","Intranasal doses worked in children in controlled studies. Why did that route go nowhere?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/ghrp-2"},{"slug":"ghrp-6","name":"GHRP-6","aka":[],"class":"Ghrelin-receptor / GH secretagogue","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":3,"references":3,"sequence":"His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂","open_questions":["It led to the discovery of ghrelin and was never developed as a drug. Does a molecule's scientific importance say anything about its therapeutic value?","It raises cortisol along with GH, and the sleep-study data do not settle what that means. Is the cortisol a side effect, or part of the effect?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/ghrp-6"},{"slug":"hexarelin","name":"Hexarelin","aka":["Examorelin"],"class":"Ghrelin-receptor / GH secretagogue","categories":["gh-axis"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":3,"references":3,"sequence":"His-D-2-Me-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH₂","open_questions":["One of the strongest GH secretagogues tested in people, and the heart-protection claim rests on isolated rat hearts. Why did the human program stop, and what did it find before it did?","Desensitization with repeated dosing was reported in the 1990s. Does a secretagogue that fades after weeks have any long-term use case?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/hexarelin"},{"slug":"afamelanotide","name":"Afamelanotide","aka":["Scenesse","Melanotan I","[Nle4, D-Phe7]-α-MSH"],"class":"Melanocortin receptor agonist","categories":["sexual-health"],"regulatory_status":"approved","evidence_floor":1,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":1,"references":2,"sequence":"Ac-Ser-Tyr-Ser-Nle-Glu-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH₂","open_questions":["An orphan drug for a rare porphyria, and the molecule 'melanotan I' claims to be. If the approved implant is the real thing, what exactly is in the grey-market vial?","Approved on pain-free sunlight exposure. Does a tanning effect in healthy people count as evidence of anything, or is it an off-target use of a rare-disease drug?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/afamelanotide"},{"slug":"ll-37","name":"LL-37","aka":["Cathelicidin","hCAP18 (37-residue fragment)"],"class":"Human antimicrobial peptide","categories":["repair","immune"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":2,"total_claims":3,"references":5,"sequence":"LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES","open_questions":["The Phase 2b venous-ulcer trial missed its primary endpoint and a post-hoc subgroup looked promising. Post-hoc subgroups are where both hype and real signal live. How does a reader tell them apart?","Your body makes LL-37. Does that make topical dosing lower-risk, or does the body's own tight regulation of it suggest more is not better?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/ll-37"},{"slug":"thymosin-beta-4","name":"Thymosin β4","aka":["Tβ4","RGN-259 (eye drops)","Timbetasin"],"class":"Actin-sequestering regenerative peptide","categories":["repair"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":2,"human_claims":1,"total_claims":3,"references":4,"sequence":"Ac-SDKPDMAEIEKFDKSKLKKTETQEKNPLPSKETIEQEKQAGES","open_questions":["Phase 3 trials in dry eye are underway for this full-length protein, the one grey-market 'TB-500' is named after. If the eye trials succeed, does that say anything about systemic injection of the fragment?","Missed both primary endpoints but improved secondaries in a 72-patient Phase 2. Is that a signal, noise, or a trial designed around the wrong endpoints?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/thymosin-beta-4"},{"slug":"dihexa","name":"Dihexa","aka":["PNB-0408","N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide"],"class":"Angiotensin IV analog","categories":["neuro"],"regulatory_status":"research-only","evidence_floor":3,"human_claims":0,"total_claims":3,"references":4,"sequence":"N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6)-aminohexanoic amide","open_questions":["The key mechanism paper was retracted in 2025 and the original rat study is under a Notice of Concern. An independent group still reported effects in an Alzheimer's mouse model. Does that result survive the retraction, or depend on what was retracted?","A compound with no human data and a retracted mechanism is sold as a nootropic. What is a buyer actually buying: the molecule, or the story?"],"updated":"2026-10-01","page":"https://peptides.info/peptides/dihexa"}]}